![]() Feeding WPCS from BS has the advantage of being more efficient than feeding WPCS from RB and SB. A lack of scientific ensiling management usually results in poor chemical composition and excessive butyric acid contents ( Liu et al., 2019). Intake of livestock products with mycotoxins causes destructive effects on humans including altered genome expression and kidney diseases, diminished reproductive system activity, the intestinal tract disruption, and the development of cancer-causing cells in the body ( Luo et al., 2018).īunker silos (BS), round bales (RB) and silage bags (SB) are becoming common ways to store silage. Furthermore, there is a potential possibility that mycotoxins would accumulate in livestock products such as meat, milk, eggs, and blood products. It was also found that intake of mycotoxins destroys the structure and function of the animal intestinal tract, damages the immune and antioxidant systems, causes disorders of intestinal metabolism, and eventually impairs the health of ruminants ( Chen et al., 2022). Several studies have shown that ensiled forage, particularly the superficial silage in bunker silos (BS), usually accumulates mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), trichothecenes (T-2), fumonisin B1 (FB1), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), and many other fungal secondary metabolites under aerobic exposure conditions ( Ogunade et al., 2018). (2015) reported that increases in temperature and pH could lead to silage decay significantly after silage was exposed to air. This contamination is worse during the aerobic exposure period than during other stages. However, silage can be contaminated with biological and chemical hazards from inherent mycotoxins and accidental fungi when there is a lack of standardized manufacturing and processing, storage or transport ( Ghilardelli et al., 2022). Silage plays an important role in the global agricultural and agri-food industries, ensuring a constantly nutritious supply for ruminants, especially whole-plant corn silage (WPCS), which is used in ruminant feeding as an important source of a high energy content and digestible fiber ( Khan et al., 2015 Gheller et al., 2021). To prevent the negative effects associated with livestock products, it is suggested that feed safety should be considered a prerequisite in developing a farm-to-fork food safety program for animal source foods ( FAO, 2019). However, these products are easily spoiled by many factors, such as zoonotic diseases, mycotoxins and undesired microorganisms. Livestock products such as meat, milk, and eggs represent a considerable source of animal protein for human food ( Cai et al., 2021). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that there are approximately 600 million illnesses and 420,000 deaths worldwide caused by 31 foodborne hazards annually ( World Health Organization, 2015). Considering the feed value and food safety of silage in the feeding process, silage bags are recommended for WPCS according to the observed nutritional quality, fermentation index and mycotoxin content.įood safety has received increasing international attention in public regulation, private supply chain coordination, and international trade in recent years ( Unnevehr, 2015). ![]() Lactobacillus was positively correlated with Kazachstania and Candida abundances ( p < 0.01) but negatively correlated with Fusarium abundance ( p < 0.05). Acetobacter was positively correlated with pH, acetic acid content, and ammonia-N content ( p < 0.05). However, Lactobacillus still dominated the bacterial community in SB group. Acetobacter became the dominant bacteria in BS and RB groups after 5 days of exposure. The concentrations of aflatoxin B1, trichothecenes and fumonisin B1 were significantly lower in SB after 9 days of exposure ( p < 0.05). The SB group showed the longest aerobic stability (202 h) among all silages ( p < 0.05). SB group conserved higher lactic acid and dry matter contents and a lower pH value than other groups after 9 days of exposure ( p < 0.05). ![]() After 90 days of fermentation, silages were opened and sampled at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days of exposure. ![]() The study assessed the effects of bunker silos (BS), round bales (RB), and silage bags (SB) on the nutritional characteristics, fermentation quality, aerobic stability, mycotoxin levels and microbial communities of whole-plant corn silage (WPCS). Silage can be contaminated with mycotoxins and accidental fungi after aerobic exposure. ![]()
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